Package: spdep 1.4-3

spdep: Spatial Dependence: Weighting Schemes, Statistics

A collection of functions to create spatial weights matrix objects from polygon 'contiguities', from point patterns by distance and tessellations, for summarizing these objects, and for permitting their use in spatial data analysis, including regional aggregation by minimum spanning tree; a collection of tests for spatial 'autocorrelation', including global 'Morans I' and 'Gearys C' proposed by 'Cliff' and 'Ord' (1973, ISBN: 0850860369) and (1981, ISBN: 0850860814), 'Hubert/Mantel' general cross product statistic, Empirical Bayes estimates and 'Assunção/Reis' (1999) <doi:10.1002/(SICI)1097-0258(19990830)18:16%3C2147::AID-SIM179%3E3.0.CO;2-I> Index, 'Getis/Ord' G ('Getis' and 'Ord' 1992) <doi:10.1111/j.1538-4632.1992.tb00261.x> and multicoloured join count statistics, 'APLE' ('Li et al.' ) <doi:10.1111/j.1538-4632.2007.00708.x>, local 'Moran's I', 'Gearys C' ('Anselin' 1995) <doi:10.1111/j.1538-4632.1995.tb00338.x> and 'Getis/Ord' G ('Ord' and 'Getis' 1995) <doi:10.1111/j.1538-4632.1995.tb00912.x>, 'saddlepoint' approximations ('Tiefelsdorf' 2002) <doi:10.1111/j.1538-4632.2002.tb01084.x> and exact tests for global and local 'Moran's I' ('Bivand et al.' 2009) <doi:10.1016/j.csda.2008.07.021> and 'LOSH' local indicators of spatial heteroscedasticity ('Ord' and 'Getis') <doi:10.1007/s00168-011-0492-y>. The implementation of most of these measures is described in 'Bivand' and 'Wong' (2018) <doi:10.1007/s11749-018-0599-x>, with further extensions in 'Bivand' (2022) <doi:10.1111/gean.12319>. 'Lagrange' multiplier tests for spatial dependence in linear models are provided ('Anselin et al'. 1996) <doi:10.1016/0166-0462(95)02111-6>, as are 'Rao' score tests for hypothesised spatial 'Durbin' models based on linear models ('Koley' and 'Bera' 2023) <doi:10.1080/17421772.2023.2256810>. Additions in 2024 include Local Indicators for Categorical Data based on 'Carrer et al.' (2021) <doi:10.1016/j.jas.2020.105306> and 'Bivand et al.' (2017) <doi:10.1016/j.spasta.2017.03.003>; also Weighted Multivariate Spatial Autocorrelation Measures ('Bavaud' 2024) <doi:10.1111/gean.12390>. <doi:10.1080/17421772.2023.2256810>. A local indicators for categorical data (LICD) implementation based on 'Carrer et al.' (2021) <doi:10.1016/j.jas.2020.105306> and 'Bivand et al.' (2017) <doi:10.1016/j.spasta.2017.03.003> was added in 1.3-7. Multivariate 'spatialdelta' ('Bavaud' 2024) <doi:10.1111/gean.12390> was added in 1.3-13 ('Bivand' 2025 <doi:10.26034/la.cdclsl.2025.8343>). 'Moran' scatterplot enhancements were contributed by 'René' 'Westerholt' in 1.4-3 <doi:10.5281/zenodo.10897792>. From 'spdep' and 'spatialreg' versions >= 1.2-1, the model fitting functions previously present in this package are defunct in 'spdep' and may be found in 'spatialreg'.

Authors:Roger Bivand [cre, aut], Micah Altman [ctb], Luc Anselin [ctb], Renato Assunção [ctb], Anil Bera [ctb], Olaf Berke [ctb], F. Guillaume Blanchet [ctb], Marilia Carvalho [ctb], Bjarke Christensen [ctb], Yongwan Chun [ctb], Carsten Dormann [ctb], Stéphane Dray [ctb], Dewey Dunnington [ctb], Virgilio Gómez-Rubio [ctb], Malabika Koley [ctb], Tomasz Kossowski [ctb], Elias Krainski [ctb], Pierre Legendre [ctb], Nicholas Lewin-Koh [ctb], Angela Li [ctb], Giovanni Millo [ctb], Werner Mueller [ctb], Hisaji Ono [ctb], Josiah Parry [ctb], Pedro Peres-Neto [ctb], Michał Pietrzak [ctb], Gianfranco Piras [ctb], Markus Reder [ctb], Jeff Sauer [ctb], Michael Tiefelsdorf [ctb], René Westerholt [ctb], Justyna Wilk [ctb], Levi Wolf [ctb], Danlin Yu [ctb]